This excerpt from the brilliant new book, “Billion Dollar Burger” by journalist Chase Purdy will have you utterly entranced.
“I think at its simplest, food sucks,” Tetrick tells me. His words tumble out so rapidly and confidently that it’s clear he’s given this soliloquy before.
“It sucks because we harm animals, it sucks because we harm the environment, and we harm our bodies. So we’re trying to figure out a way to make it not suck as much. That means taking animals out of the equation entirely.”
I slide my pen and notepad to the side. It was a sunny afternoon in 2018. Scooting my metal stool up to the edge of a tabletop in JUST’s impressive food laboratory, I peer around me. This thing I’m waiting to see is supposed to be the powder keg that sets off a culinary shift – much talked about, rarely seen, and almost never tasted.
The company’s headquarters sits in the heart of San Francisco’s Mission District, at the corner of Sixteenth and Folsom streets. It’s two stories tall and sprawls across 98,000 square feet of space – all enclosed behind thick, pinkish-beige walls that once housed the Joseph Schmidt Confections chocolate factory and later a Disney Pixar studio. JUST has married the building’s food and technology pasts. Each day more than one hundred employees show up to work here. They enter through a front door of frosted glass, covered with the blemishes of bygone years and surrounded by a smudged golden frame. The entryway leads up a flight of black stairs, down a carpeted hallway, past a company break room – well-stocked, of course, with avocados and La Croix flavoured seltzers – and then finally into the company’s cavernous nerve centre. The floors are made of slick concrete, the walls are white, and dozens of long wooden desks stretch across the centre of a room that’s bathed in natural light pouring through a wall of tall windows.
All around me, teams of scientists are using expensive lab equipment to dive deep into the inner lives of plants, exploring the tiny components that make them unique in an effort to figure out how they can be used to make new types of food. What plant proteins can work as emulsifiers? Which ones can withstand stovetop heat? In the corner of the lab, a half dozen robotic arms sit in big clear boxes, a few of them swivelling to and fro, analysing all manner of foodstuff; testing and cataloguing the different aspects of plants that have been collected by JUST from all across the world in hopes they’ll prove beneficial.
In the centre of the room, not far from where I’m sitting, several sofas are clustered together, occupied by one of the many dogs that regularly lope throughout the company’s headquarters on a given day. If anything is certain about JUST, it is that you can always count on seeing a dog.
I’d heard about this food before, of course, the stuff I’ve come to taste. It was only five years earlier that Mark Post had unveiled his burger. In those years between, pictures of early renditions of cell-cultured meat haven’t been too tough to find, but even as a reporter charged with covering the global meat industry, I still hadn’t seen any cell-cultured meat up close for myself, let alone had the opportunity to taste the stuff.
When it does arrive, it’s on a small white plate, artfully wreathed by a fan of toasted sourdough and a distracting sprig of greenery. A lab technician slides the plate in front of me, and I let it sit there for a moment.
“More people have gone into outer space than have tried clean meat,” he tells me. More than five hundred people had been in space at that point. Only dozens could say they had tasted meat grown from animal cells. I was about to be inducted into an exclusive club.
I repeated the line to myself as I stared curiously at my plate. “More people have gone into outer space. More people have gone into outer space . . . outer space.”
I reached for a slice of toast, took a small butter knife, and dipped it into the main attraction: a dollop of golden-beige paste. Pâté had never appeared on any kitchen table during my childhood in Louisville, Kentucky, and I’d never acquired a taste for it.
Am I ready for this? I wondered, scraping the pâté across the bread. Until this moment, probably like you, every bit of meat I’d ever tasted had come from a once-sentient creature.
This particular dish was grown from duck cells. A lot of the companies growing cell-cultured meat chose to tackle meat from birds first. Avian cells often grow better in cultured settings than mammalian cells do. For starters, it’s easier to tinker with them and get them to do what you want—they have better plasticity. Mammal cells are harder to coax into compliance; source animals must be young because they have healthier muscle stem cells, for instance. By contrast, scientists have learned that muscle stem cells, sometimes even from older birds, are still efficient for proliferation in a laboratory setting.
I bring the toast up to my mouth and take a bite, chewing for a moment, savouring—and judging—the pâté’s silky texture and rich aftertaste. My eyes, mouth, and nose instinctively registered what I was eating as meat—but crackling across the buzzing synapses of my brain was only one thought: Cells!
One of the men in cream-coloured lab coats, a professional chef who had been hired as a product engineer, searches my face for a reaction. His name is Thomas Bowman; he’s been recognised by Michelin and, at the time, was leading product development in JUST’s test kitchen. That’s a long-winded way of saying that he took what the company’s cell-cultured meat lab produced and tested it in the kitchen, providing a model for how real consumers might prepare and cook it.
I leaned forward for another helping, smearing more pâté onto the second slice of bread. As I chewed, a competitive game of tug-of-war between cold logic and cautious emotion unfolded in my mind. Of course, everything we eat is ultimately just a bunch of cells—the bananas we peel, the steaks we marinate, the potatoes we boil and simmer – and yet at that moment the thing I was swallowing seemed somehow alien. The pâté placed before me was the result of decades of scientific tinkering and the subject of science fiction; a dream product in the eyes of scientists and activists – foie gras grown not inside the tortured liver of a duck, but inside the walls of a Silicon Valley laboratory.
It was surreal but deeply compelling. As I would find out over the course of the following year, that pasty clump of cells spread over toast represented something much bigger and more globally significant: a preface to a growing food movement that’s seeking to provide an ethical solution to the many unethical problems of the modern food system. By harvesting animal cells and quite literally growing them into fat and muscle tissue inside industrial bioreactors, humans have figured out how to create the exact same meats we’ve eaten for more than half a million years.
In doing so, those scientists hope to enable us to sidestep the need to slaughter billions of animals annually, and theoretically, in time, eliminate the need for an industrial farming system that pumps an alarming amount of greenhouse gases into the Earth’s warming atmosphere each year. Scientists agree that animal agriculture is responsible for about 14 percent of greenhouse gas emissions.
Fully wrapping our heads around the impact of the animal agriculture system we’ve always known is mind-bogglingly difficult. Lots of scientists attempt to measure the full environmental footprint of animal agriculture, and almost all of them have run into fierce sets of critics who challenge their methodologies and motives. Did the scientist measure the life cycle of a single animal and then multiply those data to represent its specific sector? Did they include data on the energy used to grow, manage, and transport the feed grain for cows, pigs, chickens, and other animals? How about factoring in deforestation to make room for grazing? Or the long impact of water pollution from nitrous oxide in manure?
Those working on cell-cultured meat understand that by addressing these issues, they’ll be helping to bring that number down; they’ll be pushing back against the planet’s march toward a full-blown climate crisis, one that already promises to reshape where and how humans live.
In 2006, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation published a landmark report that estimated animal farming is the source of some 18 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, more than all the cars, ships, trains, and planes that crisscross the globe belching smoke. The report said 9 percent of the globe’s human-related carbon dioxide emissions could be tied back to animal agriculture, 37 percent of methane emissions, and 65 percent of nitrous oxide (mostly from cow manure).
The report got a lot of attention and triggered a wave of people – activists and entrepreneurs alike – to take action. But it didn’t go unchallenged, and since then scientists have produced more nuanced findings.
The beef and dairy industries get most of the attention, as they contribute 41 percent and 20 percent of the sector’s overall greenhouse gas emissions, respectively. The pork industry creates about 9 percent of emissions, and the broiler chicken and egg industries collectively contribute about 8 percent. Cows do more damage because of their digestive process, which, through fermentation in their four stomachs, creates a lot of methane gas. Once released into the atmosphere, methane has about twenty times the heat-trapping power as carbon.
Just how much methane a single, 1,200-pound cow produces each year depends entirely on what the animal is fed, but scientists often cite about 100 kilograms of methane, about the same as a car burning through more than 230 gallons of gasoline. Suddenly, the prospect of finding an alternative way to create real meat becomes even more enticing.
Then there’s the inherent wastefulness of animal agriculture. It takes about 6 pounds of animal feed to produce 1 pound of beef, 3.5 pounds of feed for 1 pound of pork, and 2 pounds for a single pound of chicken. Animal agriculture relies on growing plant protein – vast fields of corn and soybeans – only to cycle it through an animal that has to be killed to yield less weight in food than the plants it ate. Of course, plant protein doesn’t have the same nutritional profile as animal protein. But these numbers are the foundation of the compelling case for reducing consumption of meat in order to be better stewards of the planet, especially as estimates show the number of mouths to feed on Earth – 10 billion by 2050 – is steadily rising.
Environmental sustainability is a compelling reason to consider giving up meat, but there are other reasons, too, especially animal welfare. The farms that raise chickens and pigs have gotten bigger and more opaque, not smaller and more transparent. Data collected by the US Department of Agriculture show the number of total farms in America has declined from 6.8 million in 1935 to fewer than 2.06 million in 2016, the result of a jaw-dropping amount of consolidation that has wiped out family farms. That’s nearly a 70 percent decline. USDA data show the American dairy herd shrank by about 60 percent in the last ninety years, but only because humans figured out how to jury-rig individual cows to produce more than 400 percent more pounds of milk fat per head, according to data compiled by the USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service. And the fishing industry remains one of the world’s murkiest, with little oversight. We have depleted vast stores of the planet’s fish population (we kill an estimated 1 trillion fish a year); meanwhile, the fishing industry has relied on slave labour.
Bowman sets another plate before me, this time bearing a more familiar sight: tacos. In front of me are two corn tortillas topped with cilantro and postage stamp–size bits of duck chorizo. It was grown from the same batch of cells used to make the pâté. I tilt my head, peering at the plate at tabletop level and playing inspector as if I might discover something amiss. I imagine throwing a finger into the air to say, “This is close, but the meat looks a bit rubbery.”
But of course, I don’t. Any restaurant could have served the same dish to me, and I would have been fooled. The seasoned chorizo tasted and felt just as I might expect, as moist and richly flavoured as anything I’d get from the myriad taco stands outside JUST’s office in the historically Latino Mission District. And on a biological level, there was no difference between my lab-concocted taco and the chorizo I could get at the taco stand outside.
Are we ready? I wondered.
Josh Tetrick is the kind of person who forces you to pause and squint. There’s a quiet anxiousness inside him, making him at once curious and confusing. And it oozes into the work he’s doing.
In December 2011, he co-founded his company with his childhood best friend and fellow vegan activist, Josh Balk. At the time it was named Hampton Creek (it would later be rebranded under its aphoristic current name, JUST), and it had a simple goal: to make the egg industry obsolete by developing convincing plant-based liquid eggs.
It took longer than expected for Tetrick to finally get the recipe for that product right, but in the years between he has managed to make a name for himself and his company by creating successful lines of vegan condiments and cookie doughs that today can be found in some of the world’s biggest grocery stores. In doing so, he grew a company that once operated out of a garage into Silicon Valley’s first- and still one of its few – food technology unicorn – a start-up with a valuation of more than $1 billion.
Condiments, egg alternatives, and cookie dough helped cushion JUST with capital, but those products make only small nips at the heels of what Tetrick describes as an entrenched and degrading food economy built on animal suffering. So three tumultuous years after his company got off the ground, he announced that not only was he joining the spirited global race to make lab-grown, cell-cultured meat a reality, but also he would be the first to get it to the market and in front of everyday people.
And this is what brought me to his California laboratory – to learn more about his work, his motivations, and what this new food might mean for the culture of cuisine.
Tetrick is often seated near the centre of the main workroom. He’s rarely at a desk, opting instead to sink into one of the room’s several sofas. Elie, a loyal golden retriever, named after the American-Romanian Jewish writer Elie Wiesel, is lying at his feet. And when Tetrick does buzz from one section of the laboratory to another, Elie traipses alongside him, ever loyal and obedient.
Tetrick’s tuft of unkempt hair and sharp nose would give him a sparrow-like quality were it not for his imposing size. A muscled former athlete, he stands just under six feet tall and has managed to keep a figure vaguely reminiscent of his former days as a high school and college football player. Unlike many of his peers at rival companies, he has no scientific background at all. Nor does he have any education or prior experience in nutrition, business, or management. He is, in fact, a lawyer by training and an activist at heart – not exactly the type of person I expected to find at the helm of a company working to push food science to new heights while aggressively searching for ways to deal a punishing blow to the current meat industry. In many ways, he doesn’t fit into this ecosystem. And even today, if you grab a drink with investors and other entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley’s food technology scene, the name “Tetrick” often elicits eye-rolling and groans.
He’s a marketing maven with a skimpy science background who somehow found his way to the top of a relatively tiny field in the world of food. His success is undeniable, even to his harshest critics. And one thing is for sure: He talks a good talk.
“I think at its simplest, food sucks,” Tetrick tells me. His words tumble out so rapidly and confidently that it’s clear he’s given this soliloquy before.
“It sucks because we harm animals, it sucks because we harm the environment, and we harm our bodies. So we’re trying to figure out a way to make it not suck as much. That means taking animals out of the equation entirely.”
Though Tetrick might sound radical, even industry insiders are coming to agree with him. At the United Nations General Assembly meetings on climate change in September 2019, Emmanuel Faber, the chairman and CEO of Danone, one of the world’s largest food manufacturing companies, uttered something rarely heard from the mouths of food industry titans.
“The food system that we have built over the last century is a dead-end for the future,” he said.
To that end, it’s encouraging that the landscape of food companies in recent years has given way to a legion of new start-ups, many of them grappling to tear at the seams of the status quo and capture the attention of consumers in the process.
Original source: https://www.nytimes.com